Rapid aerial righting in waxy planthopper nymphs

Planthoppers, recognized for their rapid jumping abilities, consist of several taxa that produce intricate waxy adornments as nymphs. The wax, which may cover the body or extend out as filamentous tails, is speculated to deter predators and parasites, regulate microclimate, and act as camouflage; however, its precise functions remain largely unconfirmed. This research aims to determine the biomechanical role of wax during jump-propelled aerial locomotion in wingless planthopper nymphs. Using high-speed videography, we captured the movements of nymphs during take-off, while airborne, and during landing, both with and without their waxy adornments. Our results reveal striking contrasts in aerial performance: nymphs with wax removed experience uncontrolled tumbling, whereas those with wax intact initially rotate, counterrotate, then stabilize their aerial trajectory. This work suggests a previously unrecognized biomechanical function for insect wax structures and highlights the intricate interplay between insect morphology and biomechanics.