Protected production systems for managing Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) and implications for citrus pest complex

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the most important pest of citrus crops worldwide, mainly because it vectors the pathogens of huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease. Both vector and disease are established and devastating citrus industries in several regions of the world, including Florida. Cultural, biological, and chemical pest control methods significantly reduce ACP populations in traditional open orchards; however, HLB continues to spread. Additionally, increased chemical control resulted in ACP resistance to some important insecticides, reduced biological control, and environmental degradation. Fruit quantity, quality, and market value of infected trees are reduced. In contrast, advanced production systems providing a physical barrier against vector colonization such as Individual Protective Covers (IPCs) and Citrus Under Protective Screen (CUPS) have shown protection from ACP-HLB complex and improved plant health and yield. However, the occurrence of other pests is reported from these novel systems. Pest management in traditional and protected systems will be discussed.