D3394: Evaluation of permethrin and etofenprox treated FRACU military uniforms in conjunction with DoD approved insect repellents against Phlebotomus papatasi

The global mobilization of U.S. Military requires deployments of large contingencies across diverse environments exposing them to vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens. Protection against these disease threats with potentially epidemic consequences represents a top priority for mission success. The Department of Defense (DoD) insect repellent system consists of insecticide-treated uniforms, bed nets, and topical repellents.  When combined with properly worn uniforms this system is an effective way of preventing bites from arthropods. Development of resistance to permethrin, the main chemical pesticide used for the treatment of uniforms and bed nets, threatens this DoD repellent system leaving personnel exposed to vector bites and diseases. This calls for periodic evaluation and re-evaluation of current personal protective measures (PPM’s). Monitoring helps guide improvements and/or inclusion of new and more effective protective materials and informs Force Health Protection authority/policy makers. These improvements include the authorized use of a second EPA-approved synthetic pyrethroid-like compound, etofenprox for treating uniforms. This study evaluated the effectiveness of permethrin and etofenprox treated Flame Resistant Army Combat Uniform (FRACU)  Type III (ripstop) uniforms washed 1X, 20X, and 50X against Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies.